{"id":3857,"date":"2021-09-21T15:09:38","date_gmt":"2021-09-21T15:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autographe.com\/autographes\/?p=3857"},"modified":"2021-09-23T11:43:14","modified_gmt":"2021-09-23T11:43:14","slug":"la-fabrication-de-lammoniac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autographe.com\/autographes\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\/","title":{"rendered":"La fabrication de l&rsquo;ammoniac"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class='mp-share-buttons'><li class='mp-share-buttons-fb'><div class='fb-like' data-href='https%3A%2F%2Fautographe.com%2Fautographes%2Fla-fabrication-de-lammoniac%2F' data-width='' data-layout='button' data-action='like' data-size='small' data-share='true'><\/div><\/li><li class='mp-share-buttons-tw'><a class='twitter-share-button' href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share'?url='https%3A%2F%2Fautographe.com%2Fautographes%2F%3Fp%3D3857' data-via=''><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='mp-share-clear-fix'><\/div><p>Dans notre dernier <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.autographe.com\/pdf\/catalogue-autographes-tableaux-95.pdf\">catalogue 95<\/a> en ligne, il y a une lettre extraordinaire de Georges <a href=\"https:\/\/autographe.com\/fiche-autographe2014.php?REFERENCE=34343\">CLAUDE<\/a> sur la fabrication de l&rsquo;ammoniac. Lettre autographe sign\u00e9e. Montereau, sans date ; 2 pages in-8\u00b0 sur papier \u00e0 son adresse \u00e0 Montereau.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span> Tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante et rare lettre scientifique relative \u00e0 la fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span> Dans cette lettre vraisemblablement datable de 1917, Georges Claude d\u00e9veloppe son proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac. \u00ab <i>Dans ces petits tubes de 8 mm de diam\u00e8tres int\u00e9rieurs, avec mes proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de catalyseurs de 15 gr r\u00e9partis dans 10 cm de longueur (soit D app. = 3) on obtient couramment \u00e0 550\u00b0 500 l de gaz \u00e0 29 % de teneur soit plus de 110 g NH3 : h ou plus de 7 g par g de catal. et plus de 20 k par litre. J\u2019ai indiqu\u00e9 moins par prudence. <\/i>\u00bb De forme chimique NH3, l\u2019ammoniac est obtenu par combinaison chimique de deux gaz : l\u2019Azote (N2 et l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H2). C\u2019est en 1859 que la r\u00e9action de fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenue pour la premi\u00e8re fois en laboratoire par le chimiste allemand Morren. Le passage du stade du laboratoire au stade de la fabrication industrielle \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle ne fut obtenu que dans les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es du XX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. La fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac soul\u00e8ve en effet deux s\u00e9ries de probl\u00e8mes :<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span> \u2014 Il faut d\u2019abord lib\u00e9rer l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et apporter l\u2019azote pour obtenir un m\u00e9lange gazeux ;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span> \u2014 Une fois ce m\u00e9lange gazeux \u00e9pur\u00e9 et comprim\u00e9, il faut le transformer en ammoniac par une op\u00e9ration de synth\u00e8se.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span> Le rendement pratique de l\u2019op\u00e9ration de synth\u00e8se est fonction d\u2019un certain nombre de donn\u00e9es telles que la temp\u00e9rature, la pression et le d\u00e9bit gazeux. L\u2019influence de ces divers facteurs a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019\u00e9tudes syst\u00e9matiques qui ont pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 les r\u00e9alisations industrielles. C\u2019est le savant fran\u00e7ais Le Chatelier qui, en 1901, a montr\u00e9 que la r\u00e9action de synth\u00e8se de l\u2019ammoniac s\u2019effectuait gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une augmentation de la pression et un abaissement de la temp\u00e9rature. Les \u00e9tudes th\u00e9oriques de Le Chatelier furent reprises par l\u2019Allemand Haber et la premi\u00e8re r\u00e9alisation industrielle de l\u2019ammoniac fut entreprise dans l\u2019usine allemande de la BASF peu avant 1914, la temp\u00e9rature adopt\u00e9e \u00e9tant de 550\u00b0 et la pression de 200 kg au cm2. En 1917, en France, Georges Claude mit au point un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 travaillant \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de 550\u00b0 sous une pression de 1 000 kg au cm2. \u00c0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, en Italie, CASALE r\u00e9alisait la synth\u00e8se de l\u2019ammoniac \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de 550\u00b0 sous une pression de 700 \u00e0 800 kg au cm<sup>2<\/sup>. Dans un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 plus r\u00e9cent (le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 Fauser-Montecatin) la r\u00e9action s\u2019effectue sous une pression de 325 kg au cm<sup>2.<\/sup> et \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature de 500\u00b0.<\/p>\r\n<p>Cette lettre importante est disponible \u00e0 la galerie ou sur notre site internet : <a href=\"https:\/\/autographe.com\/fiche-autographe2014.php?REFERENCE=34343\">https:\/\/autographe.com\/fiche-autographe2014.php?REFERENCE=34343<\/a><\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:post-content -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p><strong>Galerie ARTS ET AUTOGRAPHES<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Jean-Emmanuel RAUX, expert en autographes et manuscrits<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>9 rue de l\u2019Od\u00e9on \u2014\u00a075006 PARIS \u2014 T\u00e9l.: 01 43 25 60 48<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Email : <a href=\"mailto:contact@autographe.com\">contact@autographe.com<\/a><\/p><span id='mp-share-below-action'>Partagez :<\/span><ul class='mp-share-boxes'><li class='mp-share-boxes-fb'><div class='fb-like' data-href='https%3A%2F%2Fautographe.com%2Fautographes%2Fla-fabrication-de-lammoniac%2F' data-width='' data-layout='box_count' data-action='like' data-size='small' data-share='true'><\/div><\/li><li class='mp-share-buttons-tw'><a class='twitter-share-button' href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share'?url='https%3A%2F%2Fautographe.com%2Fautographes%2F%3Fp%3D3857' data-via=''><\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='mp-share-clear-fix'><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans notre dernier catalogue 95 en ligne, il y a une lettre extraordinaire de Georges CLAUDE sur la fabrication de l&rsquo;ammoniac. Lettre autographe sign\u00e9e. Montereau, sans date ; 2 pages in-8\u00b0 sur papier \u00e0 son adresse \u00e0 Montereau.\u00a0 Tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante et rare lettre scientifique relative \u00e0 la fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac.\u00a0 Dans cette lettre vraisemblablement datable [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","hide_page_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11,105,8,56,13],"tags":[2552,402],"class_list":["post-3857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-achat-autographes","category-actualites","category-autographes-exceptionnels","category-conseils","category-expertise","tag-ammoniac","tag-georges-claude"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>La fabrication de l&#039;ammoniac - Autographes et manuscrits rares<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/autographe.com\/autographes\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La fabrication de l&#039;ammoniac - Autographes et manuscrits rares\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans notre dernier catalogue 95 en ligne, il y a une lettre extraordinaire de Georges CLAUDE sur la fabrication de l&rsquo;ammoniac. Lettre autographe sign\u00e9e. Montereau, sans date ; 2 pages in-8\u00b0 sur papier \u00e0 son adresse \u00e0 Montereau.\u00a0 Tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante et rare lettre scientifique relative \u00e0 la fabrication de l\u2019ammoniac.\u00a0 Dans cette lettre vraisemblablement datable [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/autographe.com\/autographes\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Autographes et manuscrits rares\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/autographesodeon\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-09-21T15:09:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-09-23T11:43:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/autographe.com\/autographes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Georges-Claude-34343.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"776\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"602\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jean-Emmanuel Raux\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jean-Emmanuel Raux\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jean-Emmanuel Raux\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e36cb188f3232dd66dffe9e295ec14a3\"},\"headline\":\"La fabrication de l&rsquo;ammoniac\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-21T15:09:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-09-23T11:43:14+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":524,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Georges-Claude-34343.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"ammoniac\",\"Georges Claude\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Achat Autographes\",\"Actualites\",\"Autographes exceptionnels\",\"Conseils\",\"Expertise\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/autographe.com\\\/autographes\\\/la-fabrication-de-lammoniac\\\/\",\"name\":\"La fabrication de l'ammoniac - 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